Beni Savanna

The Beni savanna is an ecoregion in the Beni Department of northern Bolivia. Covering an area of over 128,000 sq km (49,400 sq mi), the tropical savanna covers the northern Bolivian lowlands, with small portions spilling over the borders into neighboring Brazil and Peru.

The Beni savanna, also known as the Llanos de Moxos (Moxos plains), is the third-largest savanna complex in South America and is found in the lowlands of the southwestern Amazon basin, extending northeast from the foot of the Andes. Numerous rivers that drain the eastern slopes bisect the region, including the Beni and Mamoré and the Guaporé, which, at their union, form the Madeira River, the most important tributary of the Amazon basin.

The Llanos de Moxos is a confluence zone of four biogeographic regions:

1. Amazon rainforest

2. Cerrado grasslands

3. Chiquitanía savannas: a region of tropical savannas in the Santa Cruz Department in eastern Bolivia

4. Chaco dry forests

The Beni savanna ecoregion comprises a mosaic of savannas and wetlands with forest islands. Tropical forests surround it: the Southwest Amazon moist forests ecoregion to the north, west and south; the Madeira-Tapajós moist forests ecoregion to the east. The Beni Biosphere Reserve covers approximately 135,000 ha (333,600 acres) of Beni savanna and rainforest, one of the first protected areas to be established in Bolivia.

The climate of the Beni savanna is tropical, with pronounced wet and dry seasons. During the wet season (December to May), annual rainfall ranges from 1,300 mm (51 in) in the east to 2500 mm (98 in) in the west. The rivers flood the plains yearly during this humid season due to high rainfall and snowmelt in the Andes. The flooding covers 50 - 60% of the land for 4 - 10 months.

Flora and Fauna

An estimated 1,500 vascular plant species are found in the Beni savanna, although few are endemic. Sedges and grasses dominate, including bent spike rush, southern cutgrass, Peruvian watergrass, and brook crown grass. In shallow flooded areas, tree cover is limited. The most common species include silver and pink trumpet trees. In areas with better drainage, characteristic species include grugru palm, tigerwood, Tabebuia ochracea and Acacia albicorticata.

At least 146 mammals can be found in the ecoregion, including the boto river dolphin, the marsh deer, the maned wolf, the puma, the jaguar and the jaguarundis. In addition, various rodent and bat species and seasonal primate species can be found.

Over 500 bird species have been recorded in the Beni savanna. Restricted-range species include the white-bellied nothura (Nothura boraquira), the southern screamer (Chauna torquata) and the crowned solitary eagle or Chaco eagle (Buteogallus coronatus). The critically endangered blue-throated macaw (Ara glaucogularis), also known as the Caninde macaw or Wagler's macaw, is endemic to the Llanos de Moxos.

Reptiles, amphibians and fish are essential to the savannas, wetlands, lakes and rivers. Notable species include black caiman, river turtles, anacondas, giant rococo toads, spot-legged poison frogs and marsh frogs. Over 325 fish species are found in the area.

Archaeological Region

Within the heart of the savanna lies the Llanos de Moxos, an archaeological region containing extensive remains of pre-Columbian agricultural societies that once flourished in this fertile land. Their monumental earthworks, intricate canals, and skillfully crafted artifacts testify to their ingenuity and deep connection with the environment.

_{Map of Bolivia's ecoregions. The Beni savanna is shown in bright green.}