Amazonia

Amazônia—encompassing the Amazon rainforest, biome, basin, and river system—represents Earth's most magnificent and ecologically vital tropical region. This interconnected complex harbors unparalleled biodiversity while serving as a critical regulator of global climate and weather patterns. Often called "the lungs of the Earth," this vast region produces about 20% of the world's oxygen and stores 10-15% of global terrestrial carbon, crucial for climate stability. Its four components form a self-sustaining, complex ecosystem that has evolved over millions of years.

The Central Amazon Ecological Corridor (CAEC) is a vital and extensive protected area in Brazil. It encompasses a diverse range of ecosystems, habitats, and species within the Amazon Rainforest. Stretching across the heart of the Amazon Basin, this ecological corridor plays a significant role in preserving biodiversity, mitigating climate change, and promoting sustainable development in the region.

High-altitude connectivity corridors, connecting the Andes Mountains to the Amazon Rainforest, serve as vital wildlife routes that link snow-covered peaks to the humid rainforests. Key corridors safeguard important migration paths for spectacled bears, mountain tapirs, jaguars, and hundreds of bird species. These corridors facilitate the movement of wildlife, genetic exchange, and climate adaptation, while also providing essential ecosystem services. Threatened by roads, agriculture, and climate change, protecting these corridors is crucial for South America's biodiversity.

The Peruvian Amazon, known as "La Selva" (The Jungle), is a remarkable natural treasure, a living cathedral of biodiversity that evolved over millions of years. It stretches from the eastern Andes foothills to borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia, covering Peru's largest part of the Amazon rainforest, the second-largest in the world after Brazil. La Selva is one of Peru's three main geographic regions, along with the arid Pacific coast (La Costa) and highland Andes (La Sierra).

The Amazon Basin represents Earth's largest river drainage system of interconnected waterways, floodplains, and terrestrial ecosystems. This immense watershed collects rainfall and runoff across much of South America, channeling this vast flow through the world's mightiest river system to the Atlantic Ocean. The basin functions as a depression that captures and redistributes water, nutrients, and sediments across an entire subcontinent. Its gentle topography and complex hydrological cycles create the conditions necessary for the world's largest tropical rainforest.

The Amazon biome extends far beyond the iconic rainforest, encompassing a spectacular mosaic of distinct ecosystems. This continental-scale biome represents the world's largest tropical biome complex, where dense rainforests give way to seasonal savannas, montane cloud forests, and vast wetlands, each supporting specialized communities of plants and animals. The biome's remarkable diversity stems from millions of years of geological and climatic evolution, creating a patchwork of environments that ranges from floodplains to mountaintops, from blackwater swamps to grasslands.

The Amazon rainforest is the world's most complex ecosystem, spanning 5.5 million sq km in South America. It covers over half of Earth's remaining rainforest and is the most biodiverse tropical forest, with about 390 billion trees of 16,000 species. Functioning as a self-sustaining system, it creates weather, recycles nutrients efficiently, and supports intricate ecological relationships that evolved over millions of years. Despite poor soils, it shows nature's capacity for abundance through plant, animal, and microorganism partnerships.