Landforms of South America

Nestled amid the rugged expanse of the Patagonian Andes stretching across Chile and Argentina, the Southern Patagonian Ice Field stands as an immense testament to the glacial history of this region. Holding the distinction of being the world's second-largest contiguous extrapolar ice field, it constitutes the more significant remnant of the once-expansive Patagonian Ice Sheet.

The Strait of Magellan is a sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south. Tierra del Fuego, shared by Chile and Argentina, is further divided in the south by the east-west Beagle Channel.

The Tocantins River is the central fluvial artery of Brazil. The Araguaia River is also one of Brazil's major rivers and is almost equal in volume at its confluence with the Tocantins. The Araguaia-Tocantins watershed, in terms of energy production, is the second-largest in Brazil.

Todos os Santos Bay, or All Saints Bay, is a sheltered bay of the Atlantic Ocean and the principal bay of the Brazilian state of Bahia, to which it gave its name. It sits on the eastern coast of Brazil, surrounding part of Bahia's seaport capital, Salvador.

Trindade and Martim Vaz is an archipelago situated east of the coast of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The archipelago consists of two main volcanic islands and several islets, mainly barren with rugged terrain. The islands occupy the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands tropical forest ecoregion.

The Tunupa Volcano is located in the Potosí Department in southwestern Bolivia at the center of the Altiplano-Puna plateau. The now-dormant volcano is situated on a peninsula between Bolivia's most extensive salt flats, Salar de Uyuni and Salar de Coipasa.

The Serra Geral, an imposing escarpment nestled within the interior of southern Brazil, is a testament to the region's geological complexity and ecological richness. From its eastern reaches in Rio Grande do Sul to its northern extent in São Paulo, this mountain range is a pivotal component of the Serra do Mar system. Within this landscape lies the Serra Geral National Park, established to preserve the region's natural heritage and encompass iconic landmarks such as the Malacara, Churriado, and Fortaleza canyons.

The Uruguay River is a major river in South America. Its headwaters originate in Brazil's coastal range. The river forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina before eventually joining the Paraná River to form the Río de la Plata estuary.

Valdés Peninsula in Patagonia features significant biodiversity, including highly fragile terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The dynamic coastal zone features rocky cliffs, shallow bays, coastal lagoons, and small islands. It is both a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site.

The Venezuelan Andes form the northernmost extension of the Andes Mountains system. Cordillera de Mérida, commonly considered the proper Venezuelan Andes, along with the Serranía del Perijá, make up the Andean natural region of Venezuela.