Landforms of South America

The Sierras Pampeanas (also called Central Sierras) is a geographical region and chain of mountains that rise sharply from the surrounding Pampas region of northwestern Argentina. They run parallel to the Andes, cross into seven Argentine provinces, and may be cataloged into sub-regions.

The South American Plate is a major, or primary, tectonic plate. Although it is the smallest major plate, it underlies much of the continent of South America and includes a sizable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed.

The Southern Patagonian Ice Field, located between Chile and Argentina in the southern Patagonian Andes, is the world's second-largest contiguous extrapolar ice field. It is the larger of two remnant parts of the Patagonian Ice Sheet, which covered southern Chile during the last glacial period.

The Tapajós is a major river in Brazil that runs through the Amazon Rainforest and is a major tributary of the Amazon River. Formed by the union of the Juruena and Teles Pires rivers, it is one of the largest clearwater rivers in the Amazon Basin.

The Strait of Magellan is a sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America and Tierra del Fuego archipelago to the south. Tierra del Fuego, shared by Chile and Argentina, is further separated in the south by the east-west Beagle Channel.

The Tocantins River is the central fluvial artery of Brazil. The Araguaia River is also one of Brazil's major rivers and is almost equal in volume at its confluence with the Tocantins. The Araguaia-Tocantins watershed, in terms of energy production, is the second-largest in Brazil.

Todos os Santos Bay, or All Saints Bay, is a sheltered bay of the Atlantic Ocean and the principal bay of the Brazilian state of Bahia, to which it gave its name. It sits on the eastern coast of Brazil, surrounding part of Bahia's seaport capital: Salvador.

The Tunupa Volcano is located in the Potosí Department in southwestern Bolivia at the center of the Altiplano-Puna plateau. The now-dormant volcano is situated on a peninsula between Bolivia's most extensive salt flats, Salar de Uyuni and Salar de Coipasa.

The Uruguay River is a major river in South America. Its headwaters originate in Brazil's coastal range. The river forms parts of the boundaries of Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina before eventually joining the Río de la Plata.

Valdes Península in Patagonia is home to significant biodiversity, including highly fragile terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The dynamic coastal zone features rocky cliffs, shallow bays, coastal lagoons, and small islands. It is both a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site.